Development and Validation of Digital Readiness Assessment Instrument for Rural Enterprises: Evidence from BUMDES in Indonesia
- Abdurokhim — Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional, Cirebon, Indonesia, Indonesia
- Dendi Pratama — Universitas Media Nusantara Citra, Jakarta 11520, Indonesia, Indonesia
- S. Sulastri — Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. Indonesia, Indonesia
- Whan Augustin Ainul Amri — Universitas Insan Pembangunan Indonesia, Tangerang, Indonesia, Indonesia
- Askarno — Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional, Cirebon, Indonesia, Indonesia
- Publication History
- Published online: February 28, 2026
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku4898
- Copyright
- Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurokhim, Dendi Pratama, S. Sulastri, Whan Augustin Ainul Amri, Askarno
- User License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Abstract
Digital transformation remains a critical challenge for rural enterprises in developing economies, yet validated instruments to assess digital readiness in this context are scarce. This study develops and validates a comprehensive Digital Readiness Assessment (DRA) instrument specifically tailored for Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES) – Indonesia's village-owned enterprises. Through mixed-method research involving literature review, expert consultation, and empirical testing with 100 BUMDES in Cirebon Regency, we developed a 60-item instrument measuring five dimensions: awareness, management support, infrastructure, skills, and budget allocation. The instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's ? = 0.924) and strong construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Results reveal a significant paradox: while 67.4% of BUMDES show high awareness of digital importance, only 34.2% possess adequate digital skills and 31.8% allocate sufficient budget. ANOVA analysis (F=84.73, p<0.001) confirms significant differences across readiness dimensions, with awareness-capability gap identified as the primary barrier. Cluster analysis identifies three distinct readiness profiles: 'High Awareness-Low Capability' (43%), 'Moderate Readiness' (49%), and 'Digital Ready' (8%). The validated DRA instrument provides researchers and practitioners with a robust tool for assessing and benchmarking digital readiness in rural enterprise contexts, while findings inform targeted intervention strategies for digital transformation support.
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Keywords
Citation
Abdurokhim, A., Pratama, D., Sulastri, S., Amri, W. A. A., & Askarno, A. (2026). Development and Validation of Digital Readiness Assessment Instrument for Rural Enterprises: Evidence from BUMDES in Indonesia. Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 6(1), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku4898
PublishedFebruary 28, 2026
Volume6 - 2026
Pages132-138
Statements
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurokhim, Dendi Pratama, S. Sulastri, Whan Augustin Ainul Amri, Askarno 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
