Analyzing the Effects of Workload, Work Flexibility, Income Security, and Technological Support on Gig Workers’ Productivity in the Digital Economy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku4390Keywords:
Gig Economy, Income Security, Productivity, Technological Support, Time Flexibility, WorkloadAbstract
This study examines the effects of workload, time flexibility, income security, and technological support on employee productivity in the gig economy. The research employs a quantitative approach using survey data collected from gig workers across the JABODETABEK region. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to evaluate the partial and simultaneous relationships among the variables. The results show that all four independent variables significantly influence productivity. Workload positively affects productivity when maintained at an optimal level, while time flexibility provides the strongest individual effect by improving motivation and work–life balance. Income security also contributes significantly to productivity by ensuring financial stability and reducing stress related to income uncertainty. Among the variables, technological support exhibits the most dominant effect, enhancing efficiency and enabling smoother digital collaboration. The simultaneous test results further confirm that the interaction of workload, flexibility, income stability, and technological support produces a substantial and statistically significant influence on productivity. The findings of this study suggest that sustainable productivity among gig workers is determined by the synergistic balance of workload management, flexible scheduling, income stability, and technological integration within digital work environments.
Keywords: Gig Economy, Income Security, Productivity, Technological Support, Time Flexibility, Workload
References
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Allon, G., Cohen, M. C., & Sinchaisri, W. P. (2023). The Impact of Behavioral and Economic Drivers on Gig Economy Workers. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 25(4), 1376–1393. https:/doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1191
Angwaomaodoko, E. A. (2025). Consumer Behaviour in the Gig Economy: Implications for Traditional Labour Market. Path of Science, 11(1), 2001. https:/doi.org/10.22178/pos.113-3
Ariffa, & K, K. (2024). Unveiling The Challenges of the Gig Economy in Tamil Nadu: An Empirical Study. Journal of Law and Legal Research Development. https:/doi.org/10.69662/jllrd.v1i3.14
Arikunto, S. (2015). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktik. Rineka Cipta.
Berg, J. (2016). Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers.
Braunheim, L., Dragano, N., Khachatryan, K., Beutel, M., & Brähler, E. (2023). Work stress and health in modern labor markets. Social Science & Medicine, 328, 116035.
Califf, C., & Sperling, E. (2020). Impact of system usability on user satisfaction and work performance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 60(5), 438–448.
Casalhay, S. F., Guevarra, C. M., & Bragas, C. M. (2025). The Gig Economy: Financial Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Freelancers. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(5), 3545–3560. https:/doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0525.1716
Chung, H., & van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible working and gender equality. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 701–720.
Çivilida?, A., & Durmaz, ?. (2024). Examining the relationship between flexible working arrangements and employee performance: A mini review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1398309. https:/doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1398309
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Dwivedi, Y. K., & Hughes, D. L. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Acceptance Model (AIAM). International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102331.
Elshaer, I., & Azazz, A. M. S. (2023). The relationship between work environment and mental well-being. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(7), 1297–1308.
Elzir, A. (2024). Building Digital Literacy and Skills to Re?ect the Needs of the Job Market. World Bank Group, 10.
Fearnley, B., & Amora, J. (2022). Impact of digital literacy on technology adoption. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 9(3), 190–205.
Felix, B., Dourado, D., & Nossa, V. (2023). Algorithmic management, preferences for autonomy/security and gig-workers’ wellbeing: A matter of fit? Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 14-2023. https:/www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088183
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Halbesleben, J., & Neal, A. (2020). Time control and work engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(1), 1–16.
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https:/doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174
Khattak, R., & Rubbab, S. (2022). Impact of flexible work arrangements on performance. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 7(4), 177–187.
Kincaid, R., & Reynolds, J. (2024). Unconventional Work, Conventional Problems: Gig Microtask Work, Inequality, and the Flexibility Mystique. The Sociological Quarterly, 65(2), 246–268. https:/doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2023.2268679
Kinman, G. (2019). Work-related stress and resilience among professionals. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(4), 337–347.
Lee, W., Migliaccio, G. C., Lin, K.-Y., & Seto, E. Y. W. (2020). Workforce development: Understanding task-level job demands-resources, burnout, and performance in unskilled construction workers. Safety Science, 123, 104577. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104577
Mache, S., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2020). Impact of flexible work arrangements on work-life balance. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(11), 887–893.
Makarius, E. E., & Nan, X. (2020). Artificial intelligence in the workplace: Review and future directions. Journal of Management, 46(2), 150–170.
Mandalahi, S. H., Damayanti, S., Prasanti, T. A., & Maharani, A. (2024). Impact of Flexible Work Environments on Employee Performance: Mediating Roles of Stress and Work-Life Balance. Ilomata International Journal of Management, 5(3), 1042–1061. https:/doi.org/10.61194/ijjm.v5i3.1235
Mohamed, S., & Mat, N. H. N. (2023). Gig Work in Post Pandemic Times: Does it an Agile Work Structure? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 11(2), 56–68. https:/doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v11i2.1014
Mokshagundam, Dr. S. S., & Hattikal, Prof. N. S. (2024). Motivational Strategies for Gig Workers at Bengaluru Urban. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5(2), 1050–1056. https:/doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0224.0436
Nazir, S., & Latif, A. (2024). Technology use and employee engagement in organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(3), 189–200.
Nisha Sharma. (2025). Addressing Technostress & Well -Being in Gig Economy: A Path to Economic Sustainability. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(43s), 190–206. https:/doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i43s.8354
Omar, N., & Jamil, R. (2025). A Systematic Literature Review of the Gig Economy: Insights into Worker Experiences, Policy Implications, and the Impact of Digitalization. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(II), 2136–2156. https:/doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9020170
Padeli, W., & Abd Kadir, K. (2024). THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS ON SOCIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Social Security Management Journal, 53–62. https:/doi.org/10.32890/ssmj2024.1.1.5
Parman, Shafar, M. U., & Putri, D. S. A. A. (2025). Balancing the Scales: The Role of Work-Life Balance and Technological Support in Enhancing Gig Worker Productivity in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 19(1). https:/doi.org/10.7454/seam.v19i1.1834
Pilatti, G. R., Pinheiro, F. L., & Montini, A. A. (2024). Systematic Literature Review on Gig Economy: Power Dynamics, Worker Autonomy, and the Role of Social Networks. Administrative Sciences, 14(10), 267. https:/doi.org/10.3390/admsci14100267
Pulakos, E. D., & Arslan, R. (2020). Adaptive performance in changing work environments. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(4), 297–308.
Shang, E. (2024). Exploration of the Gig Economy Market, Challenges and Countermeasures. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 45, 706–711. https:/doi.org/10.54097/02ffc297
Siegrist, J. (2016). Chapter 9—Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. In G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior (pp. 81–86). Academic Press. https:/doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00009-1
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Syarifuddin, Indriani, D., & Junaidin. (2025). Balancing Demands and Resources: The Role of Psychological Resilience in Driving Employee Engagement. Global Review of Tourism and Social Sciences, 1(2), 145–157. https:/doi.org/10.53893/grtss.v1i2.371
Tennakoon, T., & Dissanayake, D. (2021). Factors influencing technology adoption and employee productivity. Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 150–165.
Tkm Thangal, T. B., Shafie, N. I., Mohamad Yunos, N., Ab Hamid, M. H., Sidik, N., & Azman, H. A. (2022). Work Burnout: Unbalanced Job Demands and Job Resources? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10), Pages 1386-1397. https:/doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i10/15083
Tri Ongko Bayu Sadewo & Nourma Mei Shinta. (2024). A Study on Job Demands-Resources in the Public Sector. Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen, 20(1), 97–113. https:/doi.org/10.33830/jom.v20i1.6160.2024
Weale, V., & Williams, J. (2022). Flexible working and employee mental health. The Lancet Public Health, 7(10), e806–e814.
Wessels, C., & Thiel, J. (2021). Flexible work arrangements in hybrid work environments. Human Relations, 74(7), 1055–1079.
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https:/doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Ye, T., Ai, W., Chen, Y., Mei, Q., Ye, J., & Zhang, L. (2022). Virtual teams in a gig economy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(51), e2206580119. https:/doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206580119
Al-Emran, M., & Mezhuyev, V. (2019). Review of the Technology Acceptance Model in educational contexts. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(4), 381–393.
Allon, G., Cohen, M. C., & Sinchaisri, W. P. (2023). The Impact of Behavioral and Economic Drivers on Gig Economy Workers. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 25(4), 1376–1393. https:/doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1191
Angwaomaodoko, E. A. (2025). Consumer Behaviour in the Gig Economy: Implications for Traditional Labour Market. Path of Science, 11(1), 2001. https:/doi.org/10.22178/pos.113-3
Ariffa, & K, K. (2024). Unveiling The Challenges of the Gig Economy in Tamil Nadu: An Empirical Study. Journal of Law and Legal Research Development. https:/doi.org/10.69662/jllrd.v1i3.14
Arikunto, S. (2015). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktik. Rineka Cipta.
Berg, J. (2016). Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers.
Braunheim, L., Dragano, N., Khachatryan, K., Beutel, M., & Brähler, E. (2023). Work stress and health in modern labor markets. Social Science & Medicine, 328, 116035.
Califf, C., & Sperling, E. (2020). Impact of system usability on user satisfaction and work performance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 60(5), 438–448.
Casalhay, S. F., Guevarra, C. M., & Bragas, C. M. (2025). The Gig Economy: Financial Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Freelancers. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(5), 3545–3560. https:/doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0525.1716
Chung, H., & van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible working and gender equality. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 701–720.
Çivilida?, A., & Durmaz, ?. (2024). Examining the relationship between flexible working arrangements and employee performance: A mini review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1398309. https:/doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1398309
Conboy, K., & Whelan, E. (2020). Understanding the influence of technostress in gig economy. CORE.Ac.Uk.
Dwivedi, Y. K., & Hughes, D. L. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Acceptance Model (AIAM). International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102331.
Elshaer, I., & Azazz, A. M. S. (2023). The relationship between work environment and mental well-being. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(7), 1297–1308.
Elzir, A. (2024). Building Digital Literacy and Skills to Re?ect the Needs of the Job Market. World Bank Group, 10.
Fearnley, B., & Amora, J. (2022). Impact of digital literacy on technology adoption. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 9(3), 190–205.
Felix, B., Dourado, D., & Nossa, V. (2023). Algorithmic management, preferences for autonomy/security and gig-workers’ wellbeing: A matter of fit? Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 14-2023. https:/www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088183
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Halbesleben, J., & Neal, A. (2020). Time control and work engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(1), 1–16.
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https:/doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174
Khattak, R., & Rubbab, S. (2022). Impact of flexible work arrangements on performance. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 7(4), 177–187.
Kincaid, R., & Reynolds, J. (2024). Unconventional Work, Conventional Problems: Gig Microtask Work, Inequality, and the Flexibility Mystique. The Sociological Quarterly, 65(2), 246–268. https:/doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2023.2268679
Kinman, G. (2019). Work-related stress and resilience among professionals. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(4), 337–347.
Lee, W., Migliaccio, G. C., Lin, K.-Y., & Seto, E. Y. W. (2020). Workforce development: Understanding task-level job demands-resources, burnout, and performance in unskilled construction workers. Safety Science, 123, 104577. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104577
Mache, S., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2020). Impact of flexible work arrangements on work-life balance. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(11), 887–893.
Makarius, E. E., & Nan, X. (2020). Artificial intelligence in the workplace: Review and future directions. Journal of Management, 46(2), 150–170.
Mandalahi, S. H., Damayanti, S., Prasanti, T. A., & Maharani, A. (2024). Impact of Flexible Work Environments on Employee Performance: Mediating Roles of Stress and Work-Life Balance. Ilomata International Journal of Management, 5(3), 1042–1061. https:/doi.org/10.61194/ijjm.v5i3.1235
Mohamed, S., & Mat, N. H. N. (2023). Gig Work in Post Pandemic Times: Does it an Agile Work Structure? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 11(2), 56–68. https:/doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v11i2.1014
Mokshagundam, Dr. S. S., & Hattikal, Prof. N. S. (2024). Motivational Strategies for Gig Workers at Bengaluru Urban. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5(2), 1050–1056. https:/doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0224.0436
Nazir, S., & Latif, A. (2024). Technology use and employee engagement in organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(3), 189–200.
Nisha Sharma. (2025). Addressing Technostress & Well -Being in Gig Economy: A Path to Economic Sustainability. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(43s), 190–206. https:/doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i43s.8354
Omar, N., & Jamil, R. (2025). A Systematic Literature Review of the Gig Economy: Insights into Worker Experiences, Policy Implications, and the Impact of Digitalization. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(II), 2136–2156. https:/doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9020170
Padeli, W., & Abd Kadir, K. (2024). THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS ON SOCIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Social Security Management Journal, 53–62. https:/doi.org/10.32890/ssmj2024.1.1.5
Parman, Shafar, M. U., & Putri, D. S. A. A. (2025). Balancing the Scales: The Role of Work-Life Balance and Technological Support in Enhancing Gig Worker Productivity in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 19(1). https:/doi.org/10.7454/seam.v19i1.1834
Pilatti, G. R., Pinheiro, F. L., & Montini, A. A. (2024). Systematic Literature Review on Gig Economy: Power Dynamics, Worker Autonomy, and the Role of Social Networks. Administrative Sciences, 14(10), 267. https:/doi.org/10.3390/admsci14100267
Pulakos, E. D., & Arslan, R. (2020). Adaptive performance in changing work environments. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(4), 297–308.
Shang, E. (2024). Exploration of the Gig Economy Market, Challenges and Countermeasures. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 45, 706–711. https:/doi.org/10.54097/02ffc297
Siegrist, J. (2016). Chapter 9—Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. In G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior (pp. 81–86). Academic Press. https:/doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00009-1
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Syarifuddin, Indriani, D., & Junaidin. (2025). Balancing Demands and Resources: The Role of Psychological Resilience in Driving Employee Engagement. Global Review of Tourism and Social Sciences, 1(2), 145–157. https:/doi.org/10.53893/grtss.v1i2.371
Tennakoon, T., & Dissanayake, D. (2021). Factors influencing technology adoption and employee productivity. Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 150–165.
Tkm Thangal, T. B., Shafie, N. I., Mohamad Yunos, N., Ab Hamid, M. H., Sidik, N., & Azman, H. A. (2022). Work Burnout: Unbalanced Job Demands and Job Resources? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10), Pages 1386-1397. https:/doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i10/15083
Tri Ongko Bayu Sadewo & Nourma Mei Shinta. (2024). A Study on Job Demands-Resources in the Public Sector. Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen, 20(1), 97–113. https:/doi.org/10.33830/jom.v20i1.6160.2024
Weale, V., & Williams, J. (2022). Flexible working and employee mental health. The Lancet Public Health, 7(10), e806–e814.
Wessels, C., & Thiel, J. (2021). Flexible work arrangements in hybrid work environments. Human Relations, 74(7), 1055–1079.
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https:/doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Ye, T., Ai, W., Chen, Y., Mei, Q., Ye, J., & Zhang, L. (2022). Virtual teams in a gig economy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(51), e2206580119. https:/doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206580119
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Published
2025-08-31
How to Cite
Putri Ayu Permata Devi, Titis Sri Wulan, Arif Subhan, & Yuliati. (2025). Analyzing the Effects of Workload, Work Flexibility, Income Security, and Technological Support on Gig Workers’ Productivity in the Digital Economy. Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 5(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku4390
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